(a)

(i) It was harder to find them. Be specific.

Answers may include:

• They were attached to monasteries
  
• Most of the monasteries were built in isolated areas
  
• Monks wanted isolation

(ii) To protect people. To protect valuable items

(iii) This is to not allow the raiders get in to the tower

(b)

(i) Finding where the items they are looking for are

(ii) Small brush and camera

(iii) Dendrochronology

(c)

(i) Michael Collins

(ii) He led the 1916 Easter Rising

Or

(ii)

1. He had a spy network
   
2. He was "Director of Intelligence" for the IRA
   
3. He set up "the Squad"
   

(iii) Because the killers were Unionists

This answer is incorrect.

(iv)

1. Because of the Treaty
   
2. He was the leader of the pro-Treaty forces
   
3. The Civil War
   

(i)

An object from the past, which gives us information about the past. An artefact is a man-made object. Coin, building, diary ...

(ii)

• Souterrain: Underground passage
  
• Fulacht fiadh: Cooking site / Method of cooking
  
• Tánaiste: Deputy or heir to chieftain
  
• Derbhfine: Extended family of chieftain / The royal family / Only members of the derbhfine could become chieftain
  

(iii) Samhain Lughnasa

(iv)

1. Castles
   
2. New towns
   
3. New monastic settlements
   
4. Expanded trade
   
5. New Laws
   
6. New methods of warfare
   
7. New surnames
   

(v) Schools, Hospitals

(vi) They kept meat from rotting

(vii) The compass, The caravel

(viii) John Calvan - Priests allowed to marry

(ix) Cheaper way - Ideas could not be put down as easily. Meaning unclear here

(x) Less Catholics - Divisions between Catholics and Protestants

(xi)Elizabeth I, Cromwell

(xii) This was when the people of France revolted against the government

(xiii) Dublin (0 marks)

(xiv) John McAdam; He developed tarmacadam which smoothened roads and made transport easier and faster. Tarmacadam was named after John McAdam not developed by him.

(xvi)

1. They could not afford it
   
2. They did not have a big enough army
   
3. Because Northern Ireland was part of the United Kingdom
   
4. It showed that Ireland was separate from Britain
   
5. To avoid destruction and bloodshed
   
6. Ireland had very limited military resources
   
7. Ireland was bankrupt after the Economic War
   
8. Ireland was not invaded
   

(i) Sanctuary means that churches and monasteries were sometimes used as a place of safety. The Abbot was the head monk in a monastery. Tithe was money paid by people to support the church. Cloister was the part of a monastery that monks walked around saying their prayers. 4 marks

(ii) They were defended using a moat, a drawbridge, a portcullis. (6 marks)

(iii) Towns were often very crowded and dirty. People threw all their rubbish into the streets and lots of rats were everywhere. Also most houses were made from wood and this meant that fire was a constant threat (8 marks)

(iv) At the age of seven, a young boy became an apprentice and lived in the house of a master craftsman for up to seven years. He received no pay but was given a chance to learn the skills of the trade. Some apprentices were treated very badly by their masters. At the end of seven years an apprentice became a journeyman, which meant he was free to go and seek work for himself in another town. If he wanted to become a master craftsman he would have to produce a masterpiece, which would then be examined by the members of the guild. If he was successful he could then set up his very own workshop and take on apprentices of his own. (10 + 2 marks)

Good work, full marks awarded for Section B.

Many people in Dublin lived in overcrowded tenement buildings in 1945, but from the 1950s, new Corporation housing estates were built and people were moved to these from the inner cities. Later, the Corporation built tower blocks such as Ballymun. In all cities and towns, County Councils or private developers have built large housing estates on the outskirts. In the countryside, the old 2-3 room thatched cottages have been nearly completely replaced by modern bungalows. Another huge change is that all houses now have electricity and running water. (6 marks)

Other points may include:

1. Bungalows replaced many farmhouses
   
2. Running water in all houses
   
3. Various mod cons now found in every kitchen
   
4. Very few houses now without central heating
   
5. Housing developments have grown up on the outskirts of almost every town,

Excellent answering. Well done.

Essay - Interesting idea used which is modelled on popular literature at the moment. However

the reader would find the plot a little too complex for a short story and occasionally hard to decipher. A simple plot with dynamic and engaging characters always works well. Lovely ending, especially last line. Some very good moments of descriptive writing throughout the piece.